Resistant tuberculosis in children under 15 years of age, Colombia 2010-2015 / Vigilancia por el laboratorio de la tuberculosis resistente en menores de 15 años, Colombia, 2010 a 2015.

Introduction: Tuberculosis in children is a recent transmission reflection in the community. It is estimated that every year one million children get sick in the world because of this. In Colombia, 291 cases were notified in 2015. Objective: To update the information obtained from the surveillance activities of the drugresistance laboratory in children younger than 15 years of age in Colombia between 2010 and 2015. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. We studied the variables of origin, gender, age, type of tuberculosis, and HIV status in sensitive and resistant cases. We classified them according to their treatment background between new and previously treated to analyze their first and second line drug resistance profile. Results: From the notified cases, 16.4 % had a sensitivity test. 50.6 % were women, the pulmonary form was present in 70.6% cases, and 1.4 % presented with tuberculosis/HIV coinfection. We studied 565 cases, from which 503 (89.1 %) were new, presenting with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and a global resistance of 3.9 % and 9.5 %, respectively. From them, 62 had been previously treated (10.9 %), with 4.8 % and 19.3 % multidrug resistance and global resistance, respectively. There was no evidence of statistically significant differences during the studied years. Extremely resistant tuberculosis in new cases was 9.0 %. Conclusions: It is necessary for the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social and the Instituto Nacional de Salud to promote the use of faster and more sensitive diagnostic tests such as the molecular ones recommended by the World Health Organization.

Introducción. La tuberculosis en los niños es un reflejo de transmisión reciente en la comunidad. Se estima que en el mundo cada año un millón de niños enferma por esta causa; en Colombia se notificaron 291 casos en el 2015. Objetivo. Actualizar la información obtenida de las actividades de vigilancia por el laboratorio de la farmacorresistencia del bacilo Mycobacterium tuberculosis en menores de 15 años en Colombia entre el 2010 y el 2015. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se estudiaron las variables de procedencia, sexo, edad, tipo de tuberculosis y estado de HIV en los casos sensibles y resistentes. Estos se clasificaron como caso nuevo sin tratamiento o caso previamente tratado para analizar el perfil de resistencia a fármacos de primera y segunda línea. Resultados. De los 3.440 casos notificados, en el 16,4 % se practicó la prueba de sensibilidad. El 50,6 % eran mujeres, la forma pulmonar se presentó en el 70,6 % y el 1,4 % presentó coinfección de tuberculosis y HIV. Se estudiaron 565 casos, de los cuales 503 (89,0 %) eran nuevos: el 3,9 % con tuberculosis multirresistente y el 9,5 % con resistencia global. Los previamente tratados fueron 62 (10,9 %), 4,8 % con multirresistencia y 19,3 % con resistencia global. No se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los años estudiados. La proporción de tuberculosis extremadamente resistente en los casos nuevos evaluados fue de 9,0 %. Conclusiones. Es necesario que el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social y el Instituto Nacional de Salud promuevan el uso de pruebas diagnósticas rápidas y muy sensibles, como las moleculares recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.

Mycobacterioses identified in the National Reference Laboratory of Colombia from 2012 to 2016

Introduction: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of mycobacterioses caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, which are considered as emerging pathogens. Their presence depends on several factors such as the clinical history, the health status of the affected person, and the presence of these microorganisms in the water, the soil, and the animals, among others. Objective: To describe the mycobacteria and the etiological agent identified in isolates received at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micobacterias of the Instituto Nacional de Salud between 2012 and 2016. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of samples from 273 patients with mycobacterioses. We analyzed the following variables: mycobacteriosis type, etiological agent, and associated predisposing factors. Results: 57.1% of the cases presented pulmonary mycobacteriosis; 26%, cutaneous; 10.6%, disseminated, and 2.6%, lymphatic. We found the Mycobacterium avium complex more frequently in pulmonary mycobacteriosis, while M. abscessus was more frequent in the extrapulmonary types of the disease. Patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis had a history of tuberculosis more frequently than those with extrapulmonary forms. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of the differential diagnosis between M. tuberculosis complex species and non-tuberculous mycobacteria since the latter are genetically resistant to conventional antituberculosis drugs.

Micobacteriosis identificadas en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Colombia entre 2012 y 2016 / Mycobacterioses identified in the National Reference Laboratory of Colombia from 2012 to 2016

Introducción. En los últimos años se ha observado un aumento en la prevalencia de micobacteriosis ocasionadas por micobacterias no tuberculosas, las cuales hoy se consideran como agentes patógenos emergentes. Su presencia depende de varios factores, como los antecedentes clínicos, el estado de salud de la persona afectada y la presencia de estos microorganismos en el agua, el suelo y los animales, entre otros. Objetivo. Describir las micobacteriosis identificadas en el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micobacterias del Instituto Nacional de Salud, entre 2012 y 2016. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis retrospectivo que incluyó 273 pacientes con micobacteriosis. Las variables analizadas fueron el tipo de micobacteriosis, el agente etiológico y los factores de riesgo asociados. Resultados. El 57,1 % de los casos presentó micobacteriosis pulmonar, el 26 %, cutánea, el 10,6 %, diseminada, y el 2,6 %, linfática. La comparación entre la forma pulmonar y la extrapulmonar evidenció que el complejo Mycobacterium avium se presenta con mayor frecuencia en las micobacteriosis pulmonares, en tanto que M. abscessus fue más frecuente en las extrapulmonares. Los pacientes con micobacteriosis pulmonar presentaban antecedentes de tuberculosis con mayor frecuencia que aquellos con las formas extrapulmonares. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial entre las especies del complejo M. tuberculosis y las micobacterias no tuberculosas, ya que estas últimas son resistentes genéticamente a los fármacos convencionales contra la tuberculosis.

Introduction: In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of mycobacterioses caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, which are considered as emerging pathogens. Their presence depends on several factors such as the clinical history, the health status of the affected person, and the presence of these microorganisms in the water, the soil, and the animals, among others. Objective: To describe the mycobacteria and the etiological agent identified in isolates received at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Micobacterias of the Instituto Nacional de Salud between 2012 and 2016. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of samples from 273 patients with mycobacterioses. We analyzed the following variables: mycobacteriosis type, etiological agent, and associated predisposing factors. Results: 57.1% of the cases presented pulmonary mycobacteriosis; 26%, cutaneous; 10.6%, disseminated, and 2.6%, lymphatic. We found the Mycobacterium avium complex more frequently in pulmonary mycobacteriosis, while M. abscessus was more frequent in the extrapulmonary types of the disease. Patients with pulmonary mycobacteriosis had a history of tuberculosis more frequently than those with extrapulmonary forms. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of the differential diagnosis between M. tuberculosis complex species and non-tuberculous mycobacteria since the latter are genetically resistant to conventional antituberculosis drugs.

[Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to quinolones and injectables in Colombia, 2012-2013].

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is a health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization estimated 9.6 million new cases and 480,000 multirresistant cases for 2014. The assessment of resistance to quinolones and injectables was implemented only a few years ago, so its prevalence is not known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, capreomycin and ofloxacin in cases of tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin during 2012-2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 489 isolates resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin. We used the Bactec MGITTM technique for susceptibility tests. For analyzing the rate of resistance, we grouped cases according to the history of treatment with second line drugs. RESULTS: In the 438 new cases, the drug that showed greater overall resistance was kanamycin with 7.1 % (95% CI: 4.6 to 9.6). In 51 previously treated cases, this highest resistance was 27.5 % (95% CI:14.2 to 40.7). The overall resistance was higher in cases with a history of treatment with quinolones and injectables. We found seven cases of extremely resistant tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the presence of resistance to second line drugs in people with drug-resistant tuberculosis with and without previous treatment with quinolones and/or injectables, these latter having a higher percentage of resistance. For that reason, it is essential to perform susceptibility testing and analyze this information routinely.

Prevalencia de la resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a quinolonas y fármacos inyectables en Colombia, 2012-2013 / Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to quinolones and injectables in Colombia, 2012-2013

Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En 2014, la Organización Mundial de la Salud estimó que se habían presentado 9,6 millones de casos nuevos y 480.000 multirresistentes. La evaluación de la resistencia a fármacos inyectables y a quinolonas se introdujo hace pocos años, por lo cual no se conoce su prevalencia. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a amicacina, kanamicina, capreomicina y ofloxacina en casos de tuberculosis resistente a isoniacida, rifampicina o a ambas, entre 2012 y 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal con 489 aislamientos resistentes a isoniacida o rifampicina. Las pruebas de sensibilidad se hicieron con la técnica Bactec MGITTM. Para el análisis de la proporción de la resistencia, los casos se agruparon según el antecedente de tratamiento con medicamentos de segunda línea. Resultados: En los 438 casos nuevos, la resistencia global a la kanamicina fue mayor (7,1 %; IC95% 4,6-9,6); en los 51 casos previamente tratados, dicha resistencia fue de 27,5 % (IC95% 14,2-40,7). La resistencia global fue mayor en casos con antecedentes de tratamiento con quinolonas y fármacos inyectables. Se encontraron siete casos de tuberculosis extremadamente resistente. Conclusión: El estudio evidenció la presencia de resistencia a fármacos de segunda línea en personas con tuberculosis farmacorresistente sin tratamiento previo o tratadas previamente con quinolonas o fármacos inyectables, estos últimos con mayor porcentaje de resistencia. En consecuencia, es esencial practicar rutinariamente las pruebas de sensibilidad y el análisis de esta información.

Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is a health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization estimated 9.6 million new cases and 480,000 multirresistant cases for 2014. The assessment of resistance to quinolones and injectables was implemented only a few years ago, so its prevalence is not known. Objective: To determine the prevalence of resistance to amikacin, capreomycin and ofloxacin in cases of tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin during 2012-2013. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 489 isolates resistant to isoniazid and/or rifampin. We used the Bactec MGITTM technique for susceptibility tests. For analyzing the rate of resistance, we grouped cases according to the history of treatment with second line drugs. Results: In the 438 new cases, the drug that showed greater overall resistance was kanamycin with 7.1 % (95% CI: 4.6 to 9.6). In 51 previously treated cases, this highest resistance was 27.5 % (95% CI: 14.2 to 40.7). The overall resistance was higher in cases with a history of treatment with quinolones and injectables. We found seven cases of extremely resistant tuberculosis. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the presence of resistance to second line drugs in people with drug-resistant tuberculosis with and without previous treatment with quinolones and/or injectables, these latter having a higher percentage of resistance. For that reason, it is essential to perform susceptibility testing and analyze this information routinely.